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1. Two previous battles had wiped out two generations of Norse warriors. Survivors of the losing Norse forces were decapitated on the battlefield by the Irish victors. The battles were at Tara in 980, where the Norse had tried to seize the High Kingship and at Glenmama in 999, where the entire Norse army and their Leinster allies were slaughtered, with all captives executed. Clontarf in 1014, just 15 years after Glenmama, was the final battle which ended Norse ambitions to rule in Ireland. For 156 years afterwards the Norse paid their taxes, operated their port concessions and lived as subjects of the Irish Árd Rí. Then in 1169-70, the Anglo-Normans arrived. Unlike England, which the Normans conquered completely within four years, the Anglo-Normans, later termed English, took 433 years to conquer all of Ireland in 1603, as resolved by the Treaty of Mellifont. Two more wars of annihilation in 1641-53 and 1688-92 were required to suppress Ireland as well as the slaughter of over half of its population. Suppression of successive revolts in 1798, 1848 and 1865 and famine and exile in 1844-52 failed to quell the Irish. A War of Independence in 1918-22 finally resulted in the British retreating from 26 of the 32 counties in Irelation and the formation of the settler colonist state of Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State in 1922.

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